Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated a sex-specific role of the gut microbiome on social behavior such as anxiety, possibly driven by a reciprocal relationship between the gut microbiome and gonadal hormones. For instance, gonadal hormones drive sex differences in gut microbiota composition, and certain gut bacteria can produce androgens from glucocorticoids. We thus asked whether the gut microbiome can influence androgen-dependent socio-sexual behaviors. We first treated C57BL/6 mice with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) in drinking water to deplete the gut microbiota either transiently during early development (embryonic day 16-postnatal day [PND] 21) or in adulthood (PND 60-85). We hypothesized that if ABX interferes with androgens, then early ABX would interfere with critical periods for sexual differentiation of brain and thus lead to long-term decreases in males' socio-sexual behavior, while adult ABX would interfere with androgens' activational effects on behavior. We found that in males but not females, early and adult ABX treatment decreased territorial aggression, and adult ABX also decreased sexual odor preference. We then assessed whether testosterone and/or cecal microbiota transplantation (CMT) via oral gavage could prevent ABX-induced socio-sexual behavioral deficits in adult ABX-treated males. Mice were treated with same- or other-sex control cecum contents or with testosterone for two weeks. While testosterone was not effective in rescuing any behavior, we found that male CMT restored both olfactory preference and aggression in adult ABX male mice, while female CMT restored olfactory preference but not aggression. These results suggest sex-specific effects of the gut microbiome on socio-sexual behaviors, independent of androgens.