Abstract
Computational models of collective motion successfully reproduce the most common behaviours of a school of fish, using only a few elementary interactions between individuals. However, their ability to also reproduce individual behaviours that are discordant from those of the group has not yet been adequately investigated. In this paper, a self-propelled particle model using three interaction zones is considered in relation to the counter-rotation of an individual: a phenomenon observable in real schools of fish milling in a torus, when an individual moves in the same torus but in the opposite direction for a certain period of time. This study shows that the interactions of repulsion, orientation and attraction between individuals moving at constant speed in a three-dimensional space, with asynchronous updating, can generate temporary counter-rotations. The analysis of such events sheds light on the mechanisms that start the counter-rotation and those that end it. Although the contribution of the repulsion interaction is often significant to start and terminate the counter-rotation, it does not prove to be decisive. Indeed, it is observed that even when interactions between individuals are limited to attraction alone, temporary counter-rotations of individuals occur, provided the fish density along the circumference is not uniform. Some of these conclusions, deduced from the simulations performed, are visually consistent with what is observed in some underwater video recordings of milling schools of fish.