Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) has been proposed as a possible integrated metric for particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)) to evaluate adverse health outcomes associated with particulate air pollution exposure. Here, we investigate how OP depends on sources and chemical composition and how OP varies by land use type and neighborhood socioeconomic position in the Los Angeles area. We measured OH formation (OP(OH)), dithiothreitol loss (OP(DTT)), black carbon, and 52 metals and elements for 54 total PM(2.5) samples collected in September 2019 and February 2020. The Positive Matrix Factorization source apportionment model identified four sources contributing to volume-normalized OP(OH): vehicular exhaust, brake and tire wear, soil and road dust, and mixed secondary and marine. Exhaust emissions contributed 42% of OP(OH), followed by 21% from brake and tire wear. Similar results were observed for the OP(DTT) source apportionment. Furthermore, by linking measured PM(2.5) and OP with census tract level socioeconomic and health outcome data provided by CalEnviroScreen, we found that the most disadvantaged neighborhoods were exposed to both the most toxic particles and the highest particle concentrations. OP(OH) exhibited the largest inverse social gradients, followed by OP(DTT) and PM(2.5) mass. Finally, OP(OH) was the metric most strongly correlated with adverse health outcome indicators.