Abstract
GBM AGILE (NCT03970447;https://www.gcaresearch.org/research/gbm-agile) is a phase 3 Bayesian adaptive platform trial that efficiently tests multiple arms against common control, with 6 arms included to date. Primary endpoint is overall survival (OS). Stage 1 experimental arms are adaptively randomized against other arms. Demonstrated efficacy in stage 1 leads to fixed randomization stage 2. Stages 1 and 2 are combined for registration. Control randomization is fixed. Regorafenib, a multikinase-inhibitor, entered into GBM AGILE as the first arm and therefore was equally randomized against control. Regorafenib showed OS benefit in recurrent disease (RD) in randomized phase 2 REGOMA trial. METHODS: Patient subtypes in GBM AGILE are newly diagnosed unmethylated (NDU), RD, and—not considered for regorafenib—ND methylated (NDM). Arm indications (signatures) are combinations of subtypes. Control is temozolomide (ND) and lomustine (RD). Efficacy is assessed by OS hazard ratio(HR), arm/control. Efficacy is demonstrated when Bayesian probability of benefit (HR< 1.00) ≥ 98% (roughly analogous P-value: 0.02). Futility occurs at any monthly analysis when Bayesian predictive power (PP) is < 25% for all signatures. Follow-up continues for 12 months after arm’s accrual stops. RESULTS: for regorafenib: When PP for all 3 pre-defined signatures was < 25%, regorafenib’s accrual was stopped for futility. Regorafenib/control sample sizes were 49/51, 126/128, 175/179 for signatures NDU, RD, and both. Respective PPs: 0.138, 0.030, 0.025—none close to 0.25. Respective mean HRs: 1.26, 1.25, 1.23. Probabilities of benefit (HR< 1.00): 0.35, 0.18, 0.17. At final analysis, mean HRs were 1.07, 1.12, 1.10 with final probabilities of benefit (HR< 1.00) equal to 0.43, 0.24, 0.24—none close to 0.98. CONCLUSION: GBM AGILE efficiently and compellingly addressed regorafenib’s role in GBM, in RD and NDU. These findings are germane as they fail to confirm the REGOMA results in RD. GBM AGILE continues to efficiently assess other therapies, including utilizing concurrent and previously accrued controls.