Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a debilitating disease of ruminants that causes significant economic loss in both cattle and sheep. Early detection of the disease is crucial to controlling the disease; however, current diagnostic tests lack sensitivity. This study evaluated the potential for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected by gas chromatography and an electronic nose (eNose) for use as diagnostic tools to differentiate between Map-infected and non-infected cattle and sheep. Solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME GC-MS) was used to quantify VOCs from the headspace of faecal samples (cattle and sheep), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to determine the suitability as a diagnostic tool. Both the cattle and sheep models had high specificity and sensitivity, 98.1% and 92.3%, respectively, in cattle, and both were 100% in sheep. The eNose was also able to discriminate between Map-infected and non-infected sheep and cattle with 88.9% specificity and 100% sensitivity in sheep and 100% specificity and sensitivity in cattle. This is the first time that VOC analysis by eNose and GCMS has been used for identification of Map in cattle and sheep faeces. GCMS also allowed the identification of putative disease biomarkers, and the eNose diagnostic capability suggests it is a promising tool for point-of-care diagnosis for Map detection on farms.