Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 continues to impact humanity on a global scale with rising total morbidity and mortality. Despite the development of several effective vaccines, new products are needed to supply ongoing demand and to fight variants. We report herein a pre-specified interim analysis of the phase 2 portion of a Phase 2/3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a coronavirus virus-like particle (CoVLP) vaccine candidate, produced in plants that displays the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, adjuvanted with AS03 (NCT04636697). A total of 753 participants were recruited between 25th November 2020 and 24th March 2021 into three groups: Healthy Adults (18-64 years: N = 306), Older Adults (≥65 years: N = 282) and Adults with Comorbidities (≥18 years: N = 165) and randomized 5:1 to receive two intramuscular doses of either vaccine (3.75 µg CoVLP/dose+AS03) or placebo, 21 days apart. This report presents safety, tolerability and immunogenicity data up to 6 months post-vaccination. The immune outcomes presented include neutralizing antibody (NAb) titres as measured by pseudovirion assay at days 21 and 42 as well as neutralizing antibody cross-reactivity to several variants of concern (VOCs): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1), up to 201 days post-immunization. Cellular (IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISpot) response data in day 21 and 42 peripheral blood are also presented. In this study, CoVLP+AS03 was well-tolerated and adverse events (AE) after each dose were generally mild to moderate and transient. Solicited AEs in Older Adults and Adults with Comorbidities were generally less frequent than in Healthy Adults and the reactogenicity was higher after the second dose. CoVLP+AS03 induced seroconversion in >35% of participants in each group after the first dose and in ~98% of participants, 21 days after the second dose. In all cohorts, 21-days after the second dose, NAb levels in sera against the vaccine strain were ~10-times those in a panel of convalescent sera. Cross-reactivity to Alpha, Beta and Delta variants was generally retained to day 201 (>80%) while cross-reactivity to the Gamma variant was reduced but still substantial at day 201 (73%). Cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant fell from 72% at day 42 to 20% at day 201. Almost all participants in all groups (>88%) had detectable cellular responses (IFN-γ, IL-4 or both) at 21 days after the second dose. A Th1-biased response was most evident after the first dose and was still present after the second dose. These data demonstrated that CoVLP+AS03 is well-tolerated and highly immunogenic, generating a durable (at least 6 months) immune response against different VOCs, in adults ≥18 years of age, with and without comorbidities.