Abstract
We previously showed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacts with androgen receptor (AR) through a PIP-box (PIP-box4) at the N-terminus of AR and regulates AR activity. In this study, we further investigated PCNA/AR interaction. We identified a second PIP-box (PIP-box592) in the DNA binding domain of AR and found that dihydrotestosterone enhances the binding of full-length AR (AR-FL) but not a constitutively active variant (AR-V7) to PCNA. Treatment with R9-AR-PIP, a PIP-box4-mimicking small peptide, inhibits the PCNA/AR interaction, AR occupancy at the androgen response element (ARE) in PSA and p21 genes, and expression of AR target genes, and induces cytotoxicity in AR-positive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. R9-AR-PIP also significantly inhibits transcriptional activity of AR-FL upon dihydrotestosterone stimulation and the constitutive activity of AR-V7. Moreover, R9-AR-PIP and PCNA-I1S, a small molecule PCNA inhibitor, inhibit the ARE occupancy by AR-FL and AR-Vs in CCNA2 gene that encodes cyclin A2 and cyclin A2 expression. Finally, we found that cyclin A2 is overexpressed in all CRPC cells examined, suggesting that it may contribute to the development of CRPC. These data indicate that targeting PCNA/AR interaction inhibits both AR-FL- and AR-Vs-mediated signaling and implicates it could be a novel therapeutic strategy against CRPC.