Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Spasticity is a relatively common complication of stroke. In the lower limb, it generally involves the ankle and the foot, often leading to equinovarus deformity. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections are commonly used to manage spasticity, both in the subacute and chronic phase after stroke; however, their effects on function, particularly gait, are uncertain. This systematic review aims to update the current evidence on the effects of BoNT treatment on gait function in stroke survivors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: This systematic review follows the PRISMA guidelines. We searched five databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science) for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) published in English that investigated the effects of BoNT injections on gait in individuals with stroke compared to any other treatment or no treatment. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, assessed the risk of bias using the PEDro scale, and extracted the results. Standardized mean differences were calculated and, when possible, meta-analyses were performed, using random effects models. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: From a total of 1238 records, 8 studies met the inclusion criteria, all but one study enrolling participants with chronic stroke. Sample sizes ranged from 16 to 468 subjects, for a total of 434 in the experimental groups and 568 in the control groups.. Gait function was assessed using a variety of gait tests, including instrumental gait analysis. Meta-analyses showed no significant effects of BoNT on gait speed, step frequency or step length. One small, underpowered study, with high risk of bias, reported significant improvements of gait speed in individuals with subacute stroke. Other gait-related variables were measured in single small trials, most often finding no differences between BoNT and control interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that current evidence shows no effects of BoNT treatment on gait speed, and insufficient evidence on its effects on other gait parameters. Adequately-powered, high-quality trials are needed to verify whether BoNT treatment, beyond reducing spasticity, can positively impact functional outcomes other than gait speed in individuals with chronic post-stroke lower limb spasticity and/or during early stroke recovery.