Abstract
To address the challenge of low diagnostic accuracy in rolling bearing fault diagnosis under varying operating conditions, this paper proposes a novel method integrating the synchronized wavelet transform (SWT) with an enhanced Vision Transformer architecture, referred to as ResCAA-ViT. The SWT is first applied to process raw vibration signals, generating high-resolution time-frequency maps as input for the network model. By compressing and reordering wavelet transform coefficients in the frequency domain, the SWT enhances time-frequency resolution, enabling the clear capture of instantaneous changes and local features in the signals. Transfer learning further leverages pre-trained ResNet50 parameters to initialize the convolutional and residual layers of the ResCAA-ViT model, facilitating efficient feature extraction. The extracted features are processed by a dual-branch architecture: the left branch employs a residual network module with a CAA attention mechanism, improving sensitivity to critical fault characteristics through strip convolution and adaptive channel weighting. The right branch utilizes a Vision Transformer to capture global features via the self-attention mechanism. The outputs of both branches are fused through addition, and the diagnostic results are obtained using a Softmax classifier. This hybrid architecture combines the strengths of convolutional neural networks and Transformers while leveraging the CAA attention mechanism to enhance feature representation, resulting in robust fault diagnosis. To further enhance generalization, the model combines cross-entropy and mean squared error loss functions. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves average accuracy rates of 99.96% and 96.51% under constant and varying load conditions, respectively, on the Case Western Reserve University bearing fault dataset, outperforming other methods. Additionally, it achieves an average diagnostic accuracy of 99.25% on a real-world dataset of generator non-drive end bearings in wind turbines, surpassing competing approaches. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the SWT and ResCAA-ViT-based approach in addressing complex variations in operating conditions, demonstrating its significant practical applicability.