Abstract
This work introduces a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based tactile sensor specifically developed for real-time force monitoring at the tips of flexible ureteroscopes. With a diameter of only 1.5 mm, the sensor features a dual-FBG configuration that effectively separates temperature effects from force signals, integrated with an innovative elastomer structure based on staggered parallelogram elements. Finite element analyses comparing traditional spiral and parallel groove designs indicate that the new configuration not only enhances axial sensitivity through optimized deformation characteristics but also significantly improves resistance to transverse forces via superior stress distribution and structural stability. In the sensor, a suspended lateral FBG is employed for thermal compensation, while an axially constrained FBG is dedicated to force detection. Calibration using a segmented approach yielded dual-range sensitivities of approximately 283.85 pm/N for the 0-0.5 N range and 258.57 pm/N for the 0.5-1 N range, with a maximum error of 0.07 N. Ex vivo ureteroscopy simulations further demonstrated the sensor's capability to detect tissue-instrument interactions and to discriminate contact events effectively. This miniaturized solution offers a promising approach to achieving precise force feedback in endoscopic procedures while conforming to the dimensional constraints of standard ureteroscopes.