Abstract
The accurate prediction of sea surface temperature (SST) is essential for studying marine phenomena, understanding climate dynamics, and forecasting environmental changes. However, developing a general SST prediction model is challenging due to significant regional variations and the impacts of diverse climate phenomena. To improve the performance of SST predictions, we propose a hybrid framework that effectively models the spatial and temporal dependencies of SST data with a Gaussian process-enhanced Long Short-Term Memory network. The LSTM module adaptively captures both long and short-term temporal trends in SST variation, while the Gaussian process incorporates the spatial dependency of neighboring data to further refine the predictions. Furthermore, our proposed framework estimates the uncertainty associated with SST predictions, providing crucial information for practical applications. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on the OISST dataset, with a focus on the Bohai Sea and the South China Sea. The results of our framework outperform state-of-the-art methods, validating its superiority in SST prediction.