Abstract
Precise Point Positioning with real-time kinematic (PPP-RTK) technology, which relies on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), encounters difficulties in achieving high-precision and rapid convergence during ionospheric active conditions such as those occurring in thunderstorms. Most existing research on PPP-RTK has primarily focused on calm ionospheric conditions, with limited analysis of its performance under ionospheric anomalies. This study analyzes 13-day data collected from 305 Australian stations, encompassing both ionospheric anomalies (from 10 to 13 May 2024) and calm periods. We evaluated the residuals of uncalibrated phase delay (UPD), the accuracy of atmospheric modeling, as well as the positioning accuracy and convergence time of PPP-RTK. The results reveal that during ionospheric anomalies, compared to calm conditions, the accuracy of wide-lane and narrow-lane UPDs decreases by 2.4% and 1.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the accuracy of estimated ionospheric and tropospheric delays deteriorates by 167.1% and 17.3%, respectively. In terms of PPP-RTK services, for the horizontal component, the convergence times increase by 25.0%, 44.4%, and 55.6% for the GPS-only, GPS + Galileo, and GPS + Galileo + BDS solutions, respectively. For the vertical component, the increases are 56.9%, 81.6%, and 87.2%, respectively. Regarding the positioning accuracies, for the horizontal component, they decline by 5.5%, 7.4%, and 10.4% for the GPS-only, GPS + Galileo, and GPS + Galileo + BDS solutions, respectively. For the vertical component, the declines are 11.8%, 13.0%, and 18.5%, respectively. This indicates that ionospheric anomalies significantly disrupt PPP-RTK services, mainly due to the degradation of ionospheric delay estimates, which directly affects positioning results. Although the ionosphere can lead to significant degradation in positioning performance, the positioning performance can still be substantially improved with an increase in the number of satellites. This study thus offers new insights into the performance of PPP-RTK during ionospheric active conditions.