Abstract
Background/Objectives: Monoterpenes, a class of organic compounds with the molecular formula C(10)H(16), have garnered significant attention for their potential medicinal benefits. Emerging evidence suggests they may positively influence skeletal muscle function. However, the impact of monoterpene exposure on muscle strength and mass in humans remains unclear. Methods: To explore this relationship, we analyzed data from 1202 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who participated in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), focusing on serum levels of three specific monoterpenes-α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene-and their association with hand grip strength and lean muscle mass. Results: Our analysis revealed that, except for test 2 of hand 1, all grip strength measures showed a positive correlation with ln-limonene levels. The β coefficient for combined grip strength was 2.409 (S.E. = 0.891, p = 0.015). Positive associations were also found between serum limonene levels and lean muscle mass. The β coefficient for the Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (ASMI) was 0.138 (S.E. = 0.041, p = 0.004). Furthermore, combined grip strength and ASMI significantly increased across limonene quintiles (p for trend = 0.005 and 0.006, respectively). However, none of the three monoterpene levels showed a significant association with clinically defined low muscle mass or low muscle strength. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a plausible association between exposure to limonene, hand grip strength, and lean muscle mass among adults in the United States. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and medical significance of this association.