Abstract
Construction of a C-C bond via alkylation of ketones with alcohol as the alkylating source by employing hydrogen-borrowing strategy is attracting significant attention and is highly appealing due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, environmental benefits, and the fact that water is the only byproduct. The development of heterogeneous catalysts based on nonprecious base metals is progressing rapidly. Our newly disclosed manganese-doped cerium oxide nanocomposite (10 wt % Mn@CeO(2)) stands out as a cost-efficient and air-stable catalyst, synthesized through a straightforward coprecipitation method and employed for α-alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols via the hydrogen-borrowing strategy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the high crystallinity of CeO(2), while field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images reveal MnO(2) nanoparticles, measuring 19 nm in size, uniformly decorated on the rod-shaped CeO(2) nanoparticles, which have a size of 33 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis uncovers the presence of Mn(4+) species embedded on the CeO(2) nanorods. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis further indicates that surface defects contribute to the impressive catalytic yield, which ranges from 70 to 98% for the α-alkylated ketones. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrates the remarkable thermal stability of the catalyst, maintaining its stability up to 800 °C. Additionally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirms no leaching of Mn ions, emphasizing the high heterogeneity of the catalyst. Remarkably, 10 wt % Mn@CeO(2) nanocomposite is recycled for six cycles with no loss of catalytic activity. This study underscores the synergistic effect between the base metal MnO(2) and redox pair of CeO(2), which is key to the exceptional catalytic activity in α-alkylation reactions, making 10 wt % Mn@CeO(2) a highly promising catalyst for sustainable and efficient C-C bond formation.