Abstract
Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) promotes haemodynamic overload, inflammation, and fibrosis in the heart and kidneys. Recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have emerged as a cornerstone therapy in cardiorenal protection. Emerging data indicate that adding SGLT2 inhibitors to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors confers additional cardiorenal protection, yet their mechanistic basis and optimal clinical use in cardiovascular (CV) disease remain unclear. This review will integrate pre-clinical and clinical evidence on dual RAAS/SGLT2 modulation in CV disease, providing mechanistic insight into dual therapy. The review will finally outline priorities for future translational and outcome studies. Clinically, adding SGLT2 inhibitors to RAAS-based therapy reduces heart failure hospitalizations and slows kidney disease progression without new safety liabilities in type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Mechanistically, SGLT2 inhibition restores tubuloglomerular feedback and constricts the afferent arteriole; RAAS blockade dilates the efferent arteriole, and together, they lower intraglomerular pressure. Both classes also reduce oxidative stress, inflammatory signalling, and pro-fibrotic pathways, with SGLT2 inhibitors in several settings shifting RAAS balance toward the protective ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis. Key gaps include the scarcity of adequately powered trials designed to test combination therapy versus either component alone, limited evidence on timing and sequencing, incomplete characterization in high-risk groups, and mechanistic insight limited by study design in animal and cell models. Collectively, current data support layering SGLT2 inhibitors onto RAAS-based therapy, while definitive evidence from dedicated clinical trials is awaited.