Abstract
BACKGROUND: Endothelial cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-ECs) show the majority of endothelial cell characteristics and markers, such as cobblestone morphology and the expression of VEGF and VE-cadherin. However, these cells are failing to show a mature endothelial cell phenotype, which is represented by the low expression and production of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) leading to the round morphology of the Weibel Palade Bodies (WPBs). The aim of this study was to improve the maturation process of hiPSC-ECs and to increase the levels of VWF. METHODS: hiPSC-ECs were differentiated by a standard differentiation protocol from hiPSCs generated from healthy control donors. To induce maturation, the main focus was to increase the expression and/or production of VWF by the adjustment of potential parameters influencing differentiation and maturation. We also compared alternative differentiation protocols. Cells were analyzed for the expression of endothelial cell markers, WPB structure, and the production and secretion of VWF by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and ELISA. RESULTS: The generated hiPSC-ECs have typical endothelial cell surface expression profiles, with low expression levels of non-endothelial markers as expected. Co-culture with pericytes, varying concentrations and timing of differentiation factors, applying some level of flow, and the addition of HDAC inhibitors did not substantially improve maturation of hiPSC-ECs. Transfection with the transcription factor ETV2 to induce a faster hiPSC-EC differentiation process resulted in a limited increase in VWF production, secretion, and elongation of WPB structure. Alternative differentiation protocols had limited effect. CONCLUSION: hiPSCs-ECs have the potential to show a more mature endothelial phenotype with elongated WPBs after >30 days in culture. However, this comes with limitations as there are very few cells detected, and cells are deteriorating after being in culture for extended periods of time.