Abstract
The burgeoning field of microbiome research has profoundly reshaped our comprehension of human health, particularly highlighting the potential of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as therapeutic interventions. While the benefits of traditional probiotics are well-recognized, the efficacy and mechanisms remain ambiguous, and FMT's long-term effects are still being investigated. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing have identified gut microbes with significant health benefits, paving the way for next-generation probiotics (NGPs). These NGPs, engineered through synthetic biology and bioinformatics, are designed to address specific disease states with enhanced stability and viability. This review synthesizes current research on NGP stability, challenges in delivery, and their applications in preventing and treating chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. We explore the physiological characteristics, safety profiles, and mechanisms of action of various NGP strains while also addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by their integration into clinical practice. The potential of NGPs to revolutionize microbiome-based therapies and improve clinical outcomes is immense, underscoring the need for further research to optimize their efficacy and ensure their safety.