Abstract
The Masquelet's induced membrane technique for repairing bone defects has been demonstrated to be a promising treatment strategy. Previous studies have shown that the vessel density of induced membrane is decreased in the late stage of membrane formation, which consequently disrupts the bone healing process. However, relatively little is known about certain mechanisms of vessel degeneration in the induced membrane tissue and whether promotion of angiogenesis in induced membranes can improve bone regeneration. Here, we showed that the Delta-like ligand 4/ Notch homolog 1 (Dll4/Notch1) pathway was relatively activated in the late stage of induced membrane, especially at the subcutaneous site. Then, DAPT, a classical γ-secretase inhibitor, was applied to specifically inhibit Notch1 activation, followed by up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and CD31 expression. DAPT-modified induced membranes were further confirmed to contribute to bone regeneration after autogenous bone grafting. Finally, in vitro experiments revealed that knocking down Notch1 contributed to the functional improvement of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and that DAPT-treated induced membrane tissue was more favorable for angiogenesis of EPCs compared with the vehicle group. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that Dll4/Notch1 signaling is negatively associated with the vessel density of induced membrane. Pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 attenuated the vessel degeneration of induced membrane both in vitro and in vivo, which consequently improved bone formation at the bone defect site and graft resorption at the subcutaneous site.