Abstract
The foot deformation approach (FDA) estimates the ground reaction force (GRF) and moment (GRM) from kinematic data with practical accuracy, low computational cost, and no requirement for training data. Our previous study demonstrated practical estimation accuracy of the FDA under barefoot conditions. However, since the FDA estimates GRFs and GRMs based on foot deformation under body weight, there are concerns about its applicability to footwear conditions, where the foot deformation characteristics differ from those of bare feet. Following the issue, this study conducted a walking experiment at three different speeds with running shoes and sneakers to investigate the impact of footwear on GRF prediction using the FDA. The results showed that the FDA successfully provided practical accuracy when shoes were worn, comparable to that for a barefoot participant. The FDA offers advantages for estimating GRFs and GRMs for the footwear condition, while eliminating the need for collecting training data and enabling rapid analysis and feedback in clinical settings. Although the FDA cannot fully eliminate the effects of footwear and movement speed on prediction accuracy, it has the potential to serve as a convenient biomechanical-based method for estimating GRFs and GRMs during sports and daily activities with footwear.