Abstract
Promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) is a first-generation antipsychotic drug created from phenothiazine derivatives that is widely employed to treat psychiatric disorders in human healthcare systems. However, an overdose or long-term intake of PMH can lead to severe health issues in humans. Hence, establishing a sensitive, accurate, and efficient detection approach to detect PMH in human samples is imperative. In this study, we designed orthorhombic copper molybdate microspheres decorated on reduced graphene oxide (Cu(3)Mo(2)O(9)/RGO) composite via the effective one-pot hydrothermal method. The structural and morphological features of the designed hybrid were studied using various spectroscopic methods. Subsequently, the electrochemical activity of the composite-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (Cu(3)Mo(2)O(9)/RGO/SPCE) was assessed by employing voltammetric methods for PMH sensing. Owing to the uniform composition and structural benefits, the combination of Cu(3)Mo(2)O(9) and RGO has not only improved electrochemical properties but also enhanced the electron transport between PMH and Cu(3)Mo(2)O(9)/RGO. As a result, the Cu(3)Mo(2)O(9)/RGO/SPCE exhibited a broad linear range of 0.4-420.8 µM with a low limit of detection (LoD) of 0.015 µM, highlighting excellent electrocatalytic performance to PMH. It also demonstrated good cyclic stability, reproducibility, and selectivity in the presence of chlorpromazine and biological and metal compounds. Furthermore, the Cu(3)Mo(2)O(9)/RGO/SPCE sensor displayed satisfactory recoveries for real-time monitoring of PMH in human urine and serum samples. This study delivers a promising electrochemical sensor for the efficient analysis of antipsychotic drug molecules.