Abstract
Metabolism reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can have a profound impact on immune cells. Identifying the association between metabolic phenotypes and immune cells in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) may reveal mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Metabolic phenotypes were classified by expression of metabolic genes. Somatic mutations and transcriptomic features were compared across the different metabolic phenotypes. The metabolic phenotype of LUAD is predominantly determined by reductase-oxidative activity and is divided into two categories: redox(high) LUAD and redox(low) LUAD. Genetically, redox(high) LUAD is mainly driven by mutations in KEAP1, STK11, NRF2, or SMARCA4. These mutations are more prevalent in redox(high) LUAD (72.5%) compared to redox(low) LUAD (17.4%), whereas EGFR mutations are more common in redox(low) LUAD (19.0% vs. 0.7%). Single-cell RNA profiling of pre-treatment and post-treatment samples from patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy revealed that tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells are responders to ICIs. However, these cells are significantly reduced in redox(high) LUAD. The redox(high) phenotype is primarily attributed to tumor cells and is positively associated with mTORC1 signaling. LUAD with the redox(high) phenotype demonstrates a lower response rate (39.1% vs. 70.8%, p = 0.001), shorter progression-free survival (3.3 vs. 14.6 months, p = 0.004), and overall survival (12.1 vs. 31.2 months, p = 0.022) when treated with ICIs. The redox(high) phenotype in LUAD is predominantly driven by mutations in KEAP1, STK11, NRF2, and SMARCA4. This phenotype diminishes the number of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells and attenuates the efficacy of ICIs.