Abstract
Conventional methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles often involve toxic chemicals, exacerbating environmental issues in the context of climate change and water scarcity. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers a sustainable and viable alternative for CoFe(2)O(4) nanoparticle production, but understanding the mechanisms and applications of this method is challenging. Here, we review the synthesis and applications of CoFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles using plant extracts with emphasis on biomedical activity and water treatment. Plant extract-mediated CoFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles exhibit high surface area, small particle size, unique morphology, sufficient band gap energy, and high saturation magnetization. These nanoparticles demonstrate strong antimicrobial and anticancer activities, highlighting their potential in biomedical treatments. Green CoFe(2)O(4) are effective in removing organic dyes, heavy metals, and pharmaceuticals from water, promoting cleaner water resources. Challenges such as scalability and reproducibility still remain, but ongoing research aims to optimize synthesis protocols and explore new applications. This work underscores the importance of sustainable nanotechnology in addressing environmental challenges.