Abstract
BACKGROUND: Production of cheese whey in the EU exceeded 55 million tons in 2022, resulting in lactose-rich effluents that pose significant environmental challenges. To address this issue, the present study investigated cheese-whey treatment via membrane filtration and the utilization of its components as fermentation feedstock. A simulation model was developed for an industrial-scale facility located in Italy's Apulia region, designed to process 539 m(3)/day of untreated cheese-whey. The model integrated experimental data from ethanolic fermentation using a selected strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus in lactose-supplemented media, along with relevant published data. RESULTS: The simulation was divided into three different sections. The first section focused on cheese-whey pretreatment through membrane filtration, enabling the recovery of 56%(w/w) whey protein concentrate, process water recirculation, and lactose concentration. In the second section, the recovered lactose was directed towards fermentation and downstream anhydrous ethanol production. The third section encompassed anaerobic digestion of organic residue, sludge handling, and combined heat and power production. Moreover, three different scenarios were produced based on ethanol yield on lactose (Y(E/L)), biomass yield on lactose, and final lactose concentration in the medium. A techno-economic assessment based on the collected data was performed as well as a sensitivity analysis focused on economic parameters, encompassing considerations on cheese-whey by assessing its economical impact as a credit for the simulated facility, dictated by a gate fee, or as a cost by considering it a raw material. The techno-economic analysis revealed different minimum ethanol selling prices across the three scenarios. The best performance was obtained in the scenario presenting a Y(E/L) = 0.45 g/g, with a minimum selling price of 1.43 €/kg. Finally, sensitivity analysis highlighted the model's dependence on the price or credit associated with cheese-whey handling. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlighted the importance of policy implementation in this kind of study, demonstrating how a gate fee approach applied to cheese-whey procurement positively impacted the final minimum selling price for ethanol across all scenarios. Additionally, considerations should be made about the implementation of the simulated process as a plug-in addition in to existing processes dealing with dairy products or handling multiple biomasses to produce ethanol.