Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis arises from imbalanced osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and mounting evidence suggests a role for the osteoimmune system in bone homeostasis. Bisphosphonate (BP) is an antiresorptive agent, but its treatment failure rate can be as high as 40%. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on peripheral immune cells from carefully selected postmenopausal women: non-osteoporotic, osteoporosis improved after BP treatment, and BP-failed cases. We found an increase in myeloid cells in patients with osteoporosis (specifically, T cell receptor+ macrophages). Furthermore, lymphoid lineage cells varied significantly, notably elevated natural killer cells (NKs) in the BP-failed group. Moreover, we provide fruitful lists of biomarkers within the immune cells that exhibit condition-dependent differences. The existence of osteoporotic- and BP-failure-specific cellular information flows was revealed by cell-cell interaction analysis. These findings deepen our insight of the osteoporosis pathology enhancing comprehension of the role of immune heterogeneity in postmenopausal osteoporosis and BP treatment failure.