Abstract
In recent years, multifunctional inorganic-organic hybrid materials have been widely investigated in order to determine their potential synergetic, antagonist, or independent effects in terms of reactivity. The aim of this study was to design and characterize a new hybrid material by coupling well-known photocatalytic TiO(2) nanoparticles with a mixture of lipopeptides (LP), to exploit its high binding affinity for metal cations as well as the ability to interact with bacterial membranes and disrupt their integrity. We used both chemical and colloidal synthesis methodologies and investigated how different TiO(2):LP weight ratios affected colloidal, physicochemical, and functional properties. We discovered a clear breaking point between TiO(2) and LP single-component trends and identified different ranges of applicability by considering different functional properties such as photocatalytic, heavy metal sorption capacity, and antibacterial properties. At low LP contents, the photocatalytic properties of TiO(2) are preserved (conversion of organic dye = 99% after 40 min), and the hybrid system can be used in advanced oxidation processes, taking advantage of the additional antimicrobial LP properties. Around the breaking point (TiO(2):LP 1:1), the hybrid material preserves the high surface area of TiO(2) (specific surface area around 180 m(2)/g) and demonstrates NOx depletion of up to 100% in 80 min, together with improved adhesion of hybrid antibacterial coating. The last design demonstrated the best results for the concurrent removal of inorganic, organic, and biological pollutants in water/soil remediation applications.