Abstract
Regular physical activity can prevent various physical and mental illnesses or improve their prognosis. However, only about half of the German population meets the WHO recommendations for physical activity. The aim of this study was to identify factors that influence engagement in regular exercise and could help increase physical activity levels in the general population. To this end, we conducted a cross-sectional study using questionnaire instruments and self-designed items. The research cohort comprised a sample of online-acquired data from 1,119 mentally healthy individuals. Higher regular exercise was associated with higher both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, resilience, internal locus of control, and risk-taking behaviour, as well as higher scores in the personality traits conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness. Higher regular exercise was also linked to lower external locus of control. Whether participants exercised was also related to external circumstances, such as their financial situation, whether family members frequently exercised during childhood or the availability of sports facilities. Furthermore, participants' preferred exercise environment was found to be different from reality. Despite expressing a preference for outdoor and group exercise, most participants reported exercising alone and indoors. People who exercised regularly during childhood stated higher levels of intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivation and resilience. Based on our findings, we suggest that additional low-threshold, low-cost opportunities for physical exercise should be provided in public spaces that lack exercise facilities, as well as in childcare settings with a particular focus on disadvantaged social groups.