Abstract
We investigate different architectures for parabolic-graded InGaAs metamorphic buffers grown on GaAs using transmission electron microscopy techniques. The different architectures include InGaP and AlInGaAs/InGaP superlattices with different GaAs substrate misorientations and the inclusion of a strain balancing layer. Our results correlate: (i) the density and distribution of dislocations in the metamorphic buffer and (ii) the strain in the next layer preceding the metamorphic buffer, which varies for each type of architecture. Our findings indicate that the dislocation density in the lower region of the metamorphic layer ranges between 10(8) and 10(10) cm(-2), with AlInGaAs/InGaP superlattice samples exhibiting higher values compared to samples with InGaP films. We have identified two waves of dislocations, with threading dislocations typically located lower in the metamorphic buffer (~ 200-300 nm) in comparison to misfit dislocations. The measured localised strain values are in good agreement with theoretical predications. Overall, our results provide a systematic insight into the strain relaxation across different architectures, highlighting the various approaches that can be used to tailor strain in the active region of a metamorphic laser. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-023-08597-y.