Abstract
Emerging epidemiological studies suggest that long-term ozone (O(3)) exposure may increase the risk of mortality, while pre-existing evidence is mixed and has been generated predominantly in North America and Europe. In this study, we investigated the impact of long-term O(3) exposure on all-cause mortality in a national cohort in China. A dynamic cohort of 20882 participants aged ≥40 years was recruited between 2011 and 2018 from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. A Cox proportional hazard regression model with time-varying exposures on an annual scale was used to estimate the mortality risk associated with warm-season (April-September) O(3) exposure. The annual average level of participant exposure to warm-season O(3) concentrations was 100 μg m(-3) (range: 61-142 μg m(-3)). An increase of 10 μg m(-3) in O(3) was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-1.23) for all-cause mortality. Compared with the first exposure quartile of O(3), HRs of mortality associated with the second, third, and highest exposure quartiles were 1.09 (95% CI: 0.95-1.25), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.88-1.19), and 1.56 (95% CI: 1.34-1.82), respectively. A J-shaped concentration-response association was observed, revealing a non-significant increase in risk below a concentration of approximately 110 μg m(-3). Low-temperature-exposure residents had a higher risk of mortality associated with long-term O(3) exposure. This study expands current epidemiological evidence from China and reveals that high-concentration O(3) exposure curtails the long-term survival of middle-aged and older adults.