Abstract
Milk protein dispersions containing added cocoa powder (1.5% (w/w)) and sucrose (7% (w/w)) and varying levels of κ-carrageenan (0.01, 0.03, or 0.05% w/w) were subjected to combined heat treatment (90 °C/5 min or 121 °C/2.6 min) and shear (100 or 1000 s(-1)) to investigate the heat stability of milk proteins. The application of shear led to a notable reduction in non-sedimentable proteins, resulting in an increase in the average particle size and apparent viscosity of the dispersions, particularly at high concentrations of k-carrageenan and elevated temperatures. This indicates that shear forces induced prominent protein aggregation, especially at higher κ-carrageenan concentrations. This aggregation was primarily attributed to the destabilisation of micelles and presence of loosely bound caseins within the κ-carrageenan network, which exhibited increased susceptibility to aggregation as collision frequencies increased due to shear.