Abstract
This study used gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to examine the impact of cooking methods and doneness on volatile aroma compounds and non-volatile substances (fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids) in Pingliang red beef. The flavor substances' topographic fingerprints were established, and 45 compounds were traced to 71 distinct signal peaks. Pingliang red beef's fruity flavor was enhanced thanks to the increased concentration of hexanal, styrene, and 2-butanone that resulted from instant boiling. The levels of 3-methylbutanal, which contributes to the characteristic caramel-chocolate-cheese aroma, peaked at 90 min of boiling and 40 min of roasting. The FFA content was reduced by 28.34% and 27.42%, respectively, after the beef was roasted for 40 min and instantly boiled for 10 s (p > 0.05). The most distinctive feature after 30 min of boiling was the umami, as the highest levels of glutamate (Glu) (p < 0.05) and the highest equivalent umami concentration (EUC) values were obtained through this cooking method. Additionally, adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) decreased with increasing doneness compared to higher doneness, indicating that lower doneness was favorable in enhancing the umami of the beef. In summary, different cooking methods and doneness levels can affect the flavor and taste of Pingliang red beef, but it is not suitable for high-doneness cooking.