Abstract
Miconazole (MCZ) is a potential antifungal drug to treat skin infections caused by Candida, Tinea pedis (athlete's foot fungal infection), Tinea cruris (jock itching in the groin and buttocks), and Tinea corporis (red scaly rash on the skin). The current study focused on Hansen parameter-based solvent selection (HSPiP software) and method development optimization using an experimental design tool for sensitive, accurate, reproducible, economic, rapid, robust, and precise methodology to quantify MCZ in rat plasma. Moreover, a Taguchi design was used for screening two independent factors (flow rate and ACN content). Quality by design (QbD) was employed to optimize and identify the right ratio of mobile phase composition and its impact on the peak and retention time. The elution of MCZ was achieved using methanol and acetonitrile (15:85 v/v ratio) at a retention time of 6 min and optimal flow rate (1 mL/min). Finally, the method was validated based on accuracy, precision, linearity, selectiveness, and high recovery at varied concentrations as per the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method was linear (r(2) = 0.999) over the explored concentration range (250-2000 ng/mL) at 270 nm detection wavelength. The optimized method was used to quantify in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) study after transdermal application of MCZ-loaded formulations (MCNE11, MNE11, MCZ-Sol, and MCZ-MKT). HSP-oriented solvent selection and quality by design-based optimized process variables and composition in the optimized analytical methodology were quite convincing and have been a cutting-edge MCZ analysis method so far. The validated method was robust, economic, and rapid with high specificity and selectivity.