Abstract
Descriptive statistics are essential for summarizing and interpreting clinical data in cardiothoracic surgery. Understanding measures of central tendency and dispersion, such as mean, median, range, variance, and standard deviation, provides insights into patient outcomes and surgical effectiveness. Confidence intervals offer a range for population parameters, enhancing decision-making precision. Data visualization tools like histograms, box plots, and scatter plots illustrate distributions and relationships. Interpreting tables and figures accurately, recognizing biases, and evaluating statistical validity are crucial for applying research findings to clinical practice. These statistical tools ultimately support evidence-based practice and ensure informed decision-making by clinicians.