Abstract
The corticospinal tract plays a major role in the control of voluntary limb movements, and its damage impedes voluntary limb control. We investigated the feasibility of closed-loop brain-controlled subdural spinal stimulation through a corticospinal interface for the modulation of wrist torque in the paralyzed forearm of monkeys with spinal cord injury at C4/C5. Subdural spinal stimulation of the preserved cervical enlargement activated multiple muscles on the paralyzed forearm and wrist torque in the range from flexion to ulnar-flexion. The magnitude of the evoked torque could be modulated by changing current intensity. We then employed the corticospinal interface designed to detect the firing rate of an arbitrarily selected "linked neuron" in the forearm territory of the primary motor cortex (M1) and convert it in real time to activity-contingent electrical stimulation of a spinal site caudal to the lesion. Linked neurons showed task-related activity that modulated the magnitude of the evoked torque and the activation of multiple muscles depending on the required torque. Unlinked neurons, which were independent of spinal stimulation and located in the vicinity of the linked neurons, exhibited task-related or -unrelated activity. Thus, monkeys were able to modulate the wrist torque of the paralyzed forearm by modulating the firing rate of M1 neurons including unlinked and linked neurons via the corticospinal interface. These results suggest that the corticospinal interface can replace the function of the corticospinal tract after spinal cord injury.