Abstract
In an effort to improve biphalin's potency and efficacy at the µ-(MOR) and δ-opioid receptors (DOR), a series of cyclic biphalin analogues 1-5 with a cystamine or piperazine linker at the C-terminus were designed and synthesized by solution phase synthesis using Boc-chemistry. Interestingly, all of the analogues showed balanced opioid agonist activities at all opioid receptor subtypes due to enhanced κ-opioid receptor (KOR) activity. Our results indicate that C-terminal flexible linkers play an important role in KOR activity compared to that of the other cyclic biphalin analogues with a hydrazine linker. Among them, analogue 5 is a potent (Ki = 0.27, 0.46, and 0.87 nM; EC(50) = 3.47, 1.45, and 13.5 nM at MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively) opioid agonist with high efficacy. Based on the high potency and efficacy at the three opioid receptor subtypes, the ligand is expected to have a potential synergistic effect on relieving pain and further studies including in vivo tests are worthwhile.