Abstract
Oaks (Quercus spp.) are widespread hardwood trees in the Northern Hemisphere and of high ecological, economic, and social values. Optimal experimental design of genetic trials is essential for accurate estimates of genetic parameters and improving the genetic merit of breeding stock. Here, we evaluate the use of post hoc row-column factors combined with spatial adjustment to improve genetic analyses of parents and individual trees in field progeny tests of plantation hardwoods, using cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) as an example. For tree height, post hoc incomplete blocking reduced ~14% more of the within-block environmental variance compared to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) model. Incomplete blocking also improved the heritability estimates for height by 7% to 14% compared to the original RCBD model. No clinal trend for growth breeding values was identified due to provenances. Our approach warrants the initial selection for height as early as age ~10 based on its moderate narrow-sense heritability of 0.2; however, diameter and volume need longer evaluation times. The post hoc incomplete blocking is more efficient and promising to improve the genetic analysis of Q. pagoda to minimize the environmental heterogeneity influences. Adjusting competition and spatial effects, including the distance principal components and autoregressive residual structure notably improves the model fit based on the observed reductions in AICs and BICs. Employing our approach is promising for hardwood genetic improvement in the southern USA.