Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) secreted by Gram-negative bacteria are referred to as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) because they originate in the outer membrane. OMVs are membrane-coated vesicles 20-250 nm in size. They contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other substances derived from their parent bacteria and participate in the transmission of information to host cells. OMVs have broad prospects in terms of potential application in the fields of adjuvants, vaccines, and drug delivery vehicles. Currently, there remains a lack of efficient and convenient methods to isolate OMVs, which greatly limits OMV-related research. In this study, we developed a fast, convenient, and low-cost gradient filtration method to separate OMVs that can achieve industrial-scale production while maintaining the biological activity of the isolated OMVs. We compared the gradient filtration method with traditional ultracentrifugation to isolate OMVs from probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) bacteria. Then, we used RAW264.7 macrophages as an in vitro model to study the influence on the immune function of EcN-derived OMVs obtained through the gradient filtration method. Our results indicated that EcN-derived OMVs were efficiently isolated using our gradient filtration method. The level of OMV enrichment obtained via our gradient filtration method was about twice as efficient as that achieved through traditional ultracentrifugation. The EcN-derived OMVs enriched through the gradient filtration method were successfully taken up by RAW264.7 macrophages and induced them to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukins (ILs) 6 and 1β, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, EcN-derived OMVs induced more anti-inflammatory response (i.e., IL-10) than pro-inflammatory response (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). These results were consistent with those reported in the literature. The related literature reported that EcN-derived OMVs obtained through ultracentrifugation could induce stronger anti-inflammatory responses than pro-inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our simple and novel separation method may therefore have promising prospects in terms of applications involving the study of OMVs.