Abstract
BACKGROUND: Action potential (AP) alternans are linked to increased arrhythmogenesis. It is suggested that calcium (Ca (2+) ) transient (CaT) alternans cause AP alternans through bi-directional coupling feedback mechanisms because CaT alternans can precede AP alternans and develop in AP alternans free conditions. However, the CaT is an emergent response to intracellular Ca (2+) handling, and the mechanisms linking AP and CaT alternans are still a topic of investigation. This study investigated the development of AP alternans in the absence of CaT. METHODS: AP (patch clamp) and intracellular Ca (2+) (Fluo-4 epifluorescence) were recorded simultaneously from isolated rabbit ventricle myocytes perfused with the intracellular Ca (2+) buffer BAPTA (10-20 mM) to abolish CaT and/or the L-type Ca2+ channel activator Bay K 8644 (25 nM). RESULTS: After a rate change, alternans were critically damped and stable, overdamped and ceased over seconds, underdamped with longer scale harmonics, or unstably underdamped progressing to 2:1 capture. Alternans in control cells were predominantly critically damped, but after CaT ablation with 10 or 20 mM BAPTA, exhibited respectively increased overdamping or increased underdamping. Alternans were easier to induce in CaT free cells as evidenced by a higher alternans threshold (ALT-TH: at least 7 pairs of alternating beats) relative to control cells. Alternans in Bay K 8644 treated cells were often underdamped, but the ALT-TH was similar to control. In CaT ablated cells, Bay K 8644 prolonged AP duration (APD) leading predominantly to unstably underdamped alternans. CONCLUSIONS: AP alternans occur more readily in the absence of CaT suggesting that the CaT dampens the development of AP alternans. The data further demonstrate that agonizing the L-type calcium current without the negative feedback of the CaT leads to unstable alternans. This negative feedback mechanism may be important for understanding treatments aimed at reducing CaT or its dynamic response to prevent arrhythmias.