Abstract
Clean fracturing fluids are environmentally friendly and could have broad applications in permeability enhancement of coal seams. The hydrophobic chain length of the viscoelastic surfactant (VES) and the mixing of VESs with different ionic types have marked effects on the performance of clean fracturing fluids. This paper analyzes the effects of the hydrocarbon chain length of VES and mixing of VESs with different ion types on the pores of coal and discusses the mechanisms controlling the pore changes from a physical and chemical perspective. We found that the coal samples treated with clean fracturing fluid B had the largest porosity change. Adding two methylene groups to the hydrocarbon chain of the cationic VES will increase clay swelling in coal treated with fracturing fluids. Adding 0.1 wt % cocoamidopropyl betaine (zwitterionic VES) to cationic VES fracturing fluids can reduce the extent of clay expansion induced by fracturing fluids. VES with a long hydrocarbon chain has a strong ability to remove kaolinite in hard coal, and the addition of zwitterion VES increases the ability of a clean fracturing fluid to remove kaolinite. These results provide theoretical guidance for the synthesis of new VES molecules and the design of new fracturing fluid formulations.