Abstract
Injection of carbon dioxide offers substantial social and economic advantages for reduction of carbon emission reduction. Utilizing CO(2) in shale formations can significantly enhance the extraction of shale oil or gas. Conducting fundamental research on how CO(2) affects shale rock's physical properties is crucial for enhancing its porosity and permeability. Particularly for deep shale layers, the effects of supercritical CO(2) on shale physical properties should be investigated at a high temperature and pressure, differing from the standard conditions applied in shallower layers. A study examined the impact of supercritical CO(2) under such conditions on the pore-throat structure and mineral composition of the shale. The experimental parameters included immersing shale rock in supercritical CO(2) at pressures ranging from 10 to 70 MPa and temperatures between 55 and 95 °C. This study evaluated changes in mineral composition, pore-throat structure (using scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption tests), and the porosity and permeability of the shale rocks. Findings indicated that the dissolution of CO(2) altered the relative content of certain minerals. The average quartz content rose and, potassium feldspar and the average contents of plagioclase declined conversely. When increasing the pressure, an increase in the relative content of I/S mixed layer and a decrease in illite content were observed and kaolinite content experienced minor changes. When increasing the temperature, kaolinite, I/S mixed layer, and chlorite all exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing temperature, while the relative contents of illite increased. Some of the pores become rounded in a high-magnification view under the impact of CO(2) dissolution. Additionally, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, pore volume, porosity, and permeability generally improved with increasing pressure and temperature. With the temperature and pressure of CO(2) increased, the curves of nitrogen absorption had moved first upward and then downward. However, under specific CO(2) conditions, the permeability enhancement effect could diminish or even negatively impact the shale's permeability. These findings underscore the need to optimize supercritical CO(2) injection parameters under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. This research aims to provide theoretical guidance for the efficient use of CO(2) in deep shale applications to increase the shale gas output.