Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) mitigation through the use of additives in a laboratory-scale evaluation of steam injection in batch reactors was studied using extra heavy crude oil. For this purpose, additives based on biogenic amines from a fishing effluent were used with methanol and ethanol as solvents in a previous extraction of industrial fishmeal waste. The study of the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) permitted the determination that the methanol-based extract with 48 h of decomposition had the highest biogenic amine content, totaling 1472 ppm. In addition, methanol extractions were more efficient, with an average biogenic amine content of 592 ppm. Subsequent evaluations were carried out for sand/oil/water/scavenging additive systems, where solutions of commercial organic compounds, analytical-grade histamine, and biogenic amine extracts were used. These evaluations were performed at a constant temperature of 247 °C and under an initial pressurization of methane gas of 215 psig, with a reaction time of 24 h. Characterization of gaseous effluents for each system allowed us to determine that the methods in which biogenic amine extracts were used with methanol were more effective in H(2)S scavenging because they had the lowest gas concentration at the end of the reaction time. Within this group, the most effective was the C1 extract, with a H(2)S reduction from 1700 to 150 ppm, representing 91% removal. The biogenic amine family produced by decomposition in conjunction with histamine has a synergistic effect in tests under vapor injection conditions when comparing the results with analytical-grade histamine solution-based additives and commercial additives. This study shows that using steam injection technology to use biogenic amines in H(2)S mitigation is feasible.