Abstract
This commentary discusses the issue of low and declining fertility and the enduring relevance of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) Programme of Action (PoA) in this new demographic context. We explore low-fertility trends, patterns, and determinants; fertility in the context of the ICPD PoA; and the recent pushback against sexual and reproductive health, rights, and gender equality. We conclude with various actions that can be taken to future-proof the ICPD PoA in low-fertility contexts looking forward to the next 30 years.