Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a pervasive environmental organic pollutant and a Group 1 human carcinogen. While FA has been implicated in various cancers, its genotoxic effects, including DNA damage and DNA-protein crosslinking, have proven insufficient to fully explain its role in carcinogenesis, suggesting the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) on H3 and H4, critical for regulating gene expression, may contribute to FA-induced pathogenesis as lysine and arginine residues serve as targets for FA-protein adduct formation. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of FA on histone methylation and acetylation patterns. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were exposed to low-dose (100 μM) and high-dose (500 μM) FA for 1 hour, and their histone extracts were analyzed using high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics, followed by PTM-combined peptide analysis and single PTM site/type comparisons. We identified 40 peptides on histone H3 and 16 on histone H4 bearing epigenetic marks. Our findings revealed that FA exposure induced systemic alterations in H3 and H4 methylation and acetylation, including hypomethylation of H3K4 and H3K79 and changes in H3K9, H3K14, H3K18, H3K23, H3K27, H3K36, H3K37, and H3R40, as well as modifications in H4K5, H4K8, H4K12, and H4K16. These FA-induced histone modifications exhibited strong parallels with epigenetic alterations observed in cancers, leukemia, and Alzheimer's disease. This study provides novel evidence of FA epigenetic toxicity, offering new insights into the potential mechanisms underlying FA-driven pathogenesis.