Abstract
Tablets and capsules are widely used forms of oral medication, but some patients experience difficulty handling them, which can reduce medication adherence and affect health outcomes. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to perceived handling difficulty, using data from harmo(®), a nationwide electronic medication notebook system. A questionnaire was distributed to adult users who had been prescribed oral medications, and the responses were linked with personal health records to analyze medication characteristics and patient backgrounds. Among the 1,230 respondents, 24% reported difficulty with small tablets or capsules. A size threshold was identified: a combined long and short diameter of 13.3 mm or less was most associated with handling problems (ROC-AUC = 0.834). Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that difficulty in applying force with the hands (OR = 2.64), prescription of small tablets or capsules (OR = 2.52), and medical histories of hypertension (OR = 1.69) and osteoporosis (OR = 4.99) were significantly associated with reported difficulty. These results suggest that both the physical characteristics of formulations and individual patient factors influence medication usability. Our results provide evidence to inform more patient-centered approaches to oral formulation design and prescribing practices, ultimately supporting better adherence and medication safety.