Abstract
Aerobic training leads to well-known systemic metabolic and muscular alterations. Heat acclimation may also increase mitochondrial muscle mass. We studied the effects of heat acclimation combined with endurance training on metabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups: control (C), trained (T), heat-acclimated (H), and trained with heat acclimation (H+T) for 6 weeks. Soleus muscle metabolism was studied, notably by the in situ measurement of mitochondrial respiration with pyruvate (Pyr) or palmitoyl-coenzyme A (PCoA), under phosphorylating conditions ( V˙max<math><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mtext>max</mtext></msub></math> ) or not ( V˙0<math><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msub></math> ). Aerobic performance increased, and retroperitoneal fat mass decreased with training, independently of heat exposure (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Citrate synthase and hydroxyl-acyl-dehydrogenase activity increased with endurance training (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), without any effect of heat acclimation. Training induced an increase of the V˙0<math><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msub></math> and V˙max<math><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mtext>max</mtext></msub></math> for PCoA (p < .001 and p < .01, respectively), without interference with heat acclimation. The training-induced increase of V˙0<math><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msub></math> (p < 0.01) for pyruvate oxidation was limited when combined with heat acclimation (-23%, p < 0.01). Training and heat acclimation independently increased the V˙max<math><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mtext>max</mtext></msub></math> for pyruvate (+60% p < 0.001 and +50% p = 0.01, respectively), without an additive effect of the combination. Heat acclimation doubled the training effect on muscle glycogen storage (p < 0.001). Heat acclimation did not improve mitochondrial adaptations induced by endurance training in the soleus muscle, possibly limiting the alteration of carbohydrate oxidation while not facilitating fatty-acid utilization. Furthermore, the increase in glycogen storage observed after HA combined with endurance training, without the improvement of pyruvate oxidation, appears to be a hypoxic metabolic phenotype.