Abstract
Farms utilizing sewage sludge and manure in their agronomic plant production are recognized as potential hotspots for environmental release of antibiotics and the resulting promotion of antibiotic resistance. As part of the circular economy, the use of biogas digestates for soil fertilizing is steadily increasing, but their potential contribution to the spreading of pharmaceutical residues is largely unknown. Digestates can be produced from a variety of biowaste resources, including sewage sludge, manure, food waste, and fish ensilage. We developed a method for the detection of 17 antibiotics and 2 steroid hormones and applied the method to detect pharmaceutical residues in digestates from most municipal biogas plants in Norway, covering a variety of feedstocks. The detection frequency and measured levels were overall low for most compounds, except a few incidents which cause concern. Specifically, relatively high levels of amoxicillin, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, and prednisolone were detected in different digestates. Further, ipronidazole was detected in four digestates, although no commercial pharmaceutical products containing ipronidazole are currently registered in Norway. A simplified risk assessment showed a high risk for soil microorganisms and indicates the tendency for antibiotic-resistant bacteria for penicillin G and amoxicillin. For prednisolone and ipronidazole; however, no toxicity data is available for reliable risk assessments.