Abstract
Angiogenesis occurs in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients, but the effects of dopamine replacement therapy on this process have not been examined. Using rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, we have compared angiogenic responses induced in the basal ganglia by chronic treatment with either L-DOPA, or bromocriptine, or a selective D1 receptor agonist (SKF38393). Moreover, we have asked whether L-DOPA-induced angiogenesis can be blocked by co-treatment with either a D1- or a D2 receptor antagonist (SCH23390 and eticlopride, respectively), or by an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) (SL327). L-DOPA, but not bromocriptine, induced dyskinesia, which was associated with endothelial proliferation, upregulation of immature endothelial markers (nestin) and downregulation of endothelial barrier antigen in the striatum and its output structures. At a dose inducing dyskinesia (1.5 mg/kg/day), SKF38393 elicited angiogenic changes similar to L-DOPA. Antagonism of D1- but not D2 class receptors completely suppressed both the development of dyskinesia and the upregulation of angiogenesis markers. In fact, L-DOPA-induced endothelial proliferation was markedly exacerbated by low-dose D2 antagonism (0.01 mg/kg eticlopride). Inhibition of ERK1/2 by SL327 attenuated L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and completely inhibited all markers of angiogenesis. These results highlight the specific link between treatment-induced dyskinesias and microvascular remodeling in the dopamine-denervated brain. L-DOPA-induced angiogenesis requires stimulation of D1 receptors and activation of ERK1/2, whereas the stimulation of D2 receptors seems to oppose this response.