Abstract
Edible plant and fruit-derived nanovesicles (NVs) are membrane-enclosed particles with round-shape morphology and signaling functions, which resemble mammalian cell-derived extracellular vesicles. These NVs can transmit cross-kingdom signals as they contain bioactive molecules and exert biological effects on mammalian cells. Their properties and stability in the gastrointestinal tract suggest NVs as a promising nutraceutical tool. In this study, we have demonstrated for the first time the presence of NVs in olive vegetation water (OVW), a waste by-product generated during olive oil production. Biophysical characterization by scanning electron microscopy, cryo-transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed the presence in OVW of NVs having size and morphology similar to that of vesicles isolated from edible plants. Integrated lipidomic, metabolomic, and proteomic analyses showed that OVW-NVs carry a set of lipids, metabolites and proteins which have recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The nature of biomolecules identified in OVW-NVs suggests that these vesicles could exert beneficial effects on mammalian cells and could be used in the nutraceutical and food industries. The successful isolation of OVW-NVs and the characterization of their features strengthen the idea that agricultural waste might represent a source of NVs having features similar to NVs isolated from edible plants/fruits.