T-Type Ca(2+) Channels Boost Neurotransmission in Mammalian Cone Photoreceptors.

It is a commonly accepted view that light stimulation of mammalian photoreceptors causes a graded change in membrane potential instead of developing a spike. The presynaptic Ca(2+) channels serve as a crucial link for the coding of membrane potential variations into neurotransmitter release. Ca(v)1.4 L-type Ca(2+) channels are expressed in photoreceptor terminals, but the complete pool of Ca(2+) channels in cone photoreceptors appears to be more diverse. Here, we discovered, employing whole-cell patch-clamp recording from cone photoreceptor terminals in both sexes of mice, that their Ca(2+) currents are composed of low- (T-type Ca(2+) channels) and high- (L-type Ca(2+) channels) voltage-activated components. Furthermore, Ca(2+) channels exerted self-generated spike behavior in dark membrane potentials, and spikes were generated in response to light/dark transition. The application of fast and slow Ca(2+) chelators revealed that T-type Ca(2+) channels are located close to the release machinery. Furthermore, capacitance measurements indicated that they are involved in evoked vesicle release. Additionally, RT-PCR experiments showed the presence of Ca(v)3.2 T-type Ca(2+) channels in cone photoreceptors but not in rod photoreceptors. Altogether, we found several crucial functions of T-type Ca(2+) channels, which increase the functional repertoire of cone photoreceptors. Namely, they extend cone photoreceptor light-responsive membrane potential range, amplify dark responses, generate spikes, increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels, and boost synaptic transmission.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Photoreceptors provide the first synapse for coding light information. The key elements in synaptic transmission are the voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels. Here, we provide evidence that mouse cone photoreceptors express low-voltage-activated Ca(v)3.2 T-type Ca(2+) channels in addition to high-voltage-activated L-type Ca(2+) channels. The presence of T-type Ca(2+) channels in cone photoreceptors appears to extend their light-responsive membrane potential range, amplify dark response, generate spikes, increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels, and boost synaptic transmission. By these functions, Ca(v)3.2 T-type Ca(2+) channels increase the functional repertoire of cone photoreceptors.