Abstract
BACKGROUND: The integration of multimodal single-cell data enables comprehensive organ reference atlases, yet its impact remains largely unexplored, particularly in complex tissues. Using the kidney as an emblematic example of a complex organ, we perform a systematic evaluation of multimodal single-cell integration strategies, with heart tissue used for additional methodological validation. RESULTS: We generate a benchmarking dataset for the renal cortex by integrating 3' and 5' scRNA-seq with joint snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq, profiling 119,744 high-quality nuclei/cells from 19 donors. To align cell identities and enable consistent comparisons, we develop the interpretable machine learning tool scOMM (single-cell Omics Multimodal Mapping) and systematically assess integration strategies. "Horizontal" integration of scRNA and snRNA-seq improves cell-type identification, while "vertical" integration of snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq has an additive effect, enhancing resolution in homogeneous populations and difficult-to-identify states. Global integration is especially effective in identifying adaptive states and rare cell types, including WFDC2-expressing Thick Ascending Limb and Norn cells, previously undetected in kidney atlases. CONCLUSIONS: Our work establishes a robust framework for multimodal reference atlas generation, advancing single-cell analysis and extending its applicability to diverse tissues.