Abstract
BACKGROUND: Few studies assessed effects of individual and multiple ions simultaneously on metabolic outcomes, due to methodological limitation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: By combining advanced ionomics and mutual information, a quantifying measurement for mutual dependence between two random variables, we investigated associations of ion modules/networks with overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in 976 middle-aged Chinese men and women. Fasting plasma ions were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Significant ion modules were selected by mutual information to construct disease related ion networks. Plasma copper and phosphorus always ranked the first two among three specific ion networks associated with overweight/obesity, MetS and T2DM. Comparing the ranking of ion individually and in networks, three patterns were observed (1) "Individual ion," such as potassium and chrome, which tends to work alone; (2) "Module ion," such as iron in T2DM, which tends to act in modules/network; and (3) "Module-individual ion," such as copper in overweight/obesity, which seems to work equivalently in either way. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, by using the novel approach of the ionomics strategy and the information theory, we observed potential associations of ions individually or as modules/networks with metabolic disorders. Certainly, these findings need to be confirmed in future biological studies.